Here's a little exercise in scepticism and critical thinking for you, just to demonstrate how important it is, and how it is in fact the
only way to find out anything about
anything. If you want to limber up first, check out the
pixie dust/magic finger story from a while back.
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You may have seen the various articles (in the
Daily Mail and
Guardian, among others, and on the
BBC website) about Belgian man Rom Houben and the apparent miraculous discovery that he is, inside his crippled and useless body, actually conscious and coherent after 23 years in what doctors had previously thought was a vegetative coma.
So, if you've got your critical thinking hat on straight, the first thing you think is: wow; how did they find out that he was conscious? And the answer seems to be: initially by some brain-scanning technique of an unspecified nature that might be something like
fMRI or
CAT, but might equally well be something else. The
Mail alludes to "new high-tech scans" and "state-of-the-art imaging", but gives no details, nor does it describe how the results of a brain scan can be interpreted to determine "consciousness" or its absence. The
Guardian mentions a "state-of-the-art scanning system", but that's about it.
But, hey, none of this should really matter, because the main thing is that he's able to communicate with the outside world, right? Well....the
Guardian mentions that he is able to make simple yes/no signals with his foot, which seems clear enough, but in all the pictures, all the video footage and most of the articles he's communicating via a touch-screen keyboard interface with the assistance of another person.
Again, if you've got your critical thinking hat on straight this should set alarm bells off all over the shop. What appears to be happening here is something called "facilitated communication", whereby a "facilitator" guides the patient's hands around until they feel a "twitch" or something similar which they interpret as the patient selecting a letter. The trouble with this is that, bluntly,
it doesn't work. Why it doesn't work, and has been proven not to work repeatedly in properly constructed tests, but
appears to, is down to fascinating things like the
ideomotor effect (the thing that makes
ouija boards "work") and the
observer-expectancy effect (also, more amusingly, known as the
Clever Hans effect after the famous horse that could supposedly do arithmetic).
The sceptical blogosphere has been a-buzzing with indignation over
a) blatantly pseudoscientific nonsense being passed off as medical science and
b) the hopelessly credulous and unquestioning attitude most of the press and online media have taken in response. The only sceptical mainstream media article I could find (and I should point out I haven't exactly spent hours looking, so there may be others) was
this one on MSNBC; significantly it's by an actual science-y doctor type rather than the usual pig-ignorant drunken hacks. In contrast plenty of sceptical and scientific blogs chewed over the story in a more critical way; here's
PZ,
Orac, the
Amazing Randi and the
Skepchicks just for starters, but
there are plenty
more.
It's easy to have an instinctive emotional reaction to what is a pretty tragic story of a life cut short, so here are a couple of disclaimers: no-one is suggesting that either the doctor (Steven Laureys of the University of
Liège) or the facilitator operating the keyboard are anything but sincere; the whole point of facilitated communication is that it requires no conscious collusion from anybody. Equally, no-one is suggesting that Rom Houben may not in fact really be just as conscious and lucid as people are claiming he is, just that the "evidence" provided so far provides zero information one way or the other.
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Most of the articles, critical or otherwise, have drawn the parallel with the story of
Jean-Dominique Bauby, author of the book
The Diving Bell And The Butterfly (later
filmed). It's been suggested that Houben may be suffering from "
locked-in syndrome" just as Bauby was. This seems unlikely given the differing nature of their injuries - Houben was in a car accident, Bauby had a stroke, which seems to be the usual trigger for LIS - but it's not impossible, I suppose. Again, until some proper tests are carried out no-one will ever know.
The other obvious parallel that some people have drawn is with Terri Schiavo,
whose case was something of a cause célèbre in the USA in the early 2000s. Schiavo suffered some mysterious brain injury (over which there is still much speculation) in 1990 and then fell into a coma from which she never recovered until her death in March 2005. The legal furore surrounding
her husband's bid to allow her to die, and her parents' demands that she be kept alive (with, bizarrely, interventions from Jeb Bush, governor of Florida), dragged on for many years. When you add loony religious notions like "the soul" into a mix already rich (and understandably so) in wishful thinking and denial then you've got a recipe for disaster. I predict the Houben case will be hijacked by some loonies banging on about the sanctity of human life and wanting some retrospective re-evaluation of the Schiavo case any second now.
Oh, wait.
Many of the news articles have made use of some variant of the "silent scream of anguish" trope, which makes me think they've probably been reading too much
science fiction. Or possibly listening to too much
Metallica.